{"id":2717,"date":"2024-12-13T10:46:40","date_gmt":"2024-12-13T09:46:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/?post_type=docs&p=2717"},"modified":"2024-12-13T10:46:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T09:46:40","password":"","slug":"cile","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/thema\/cile\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ile"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cK\u0131rk\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki Fars\u00e7a \u00e7ihl (\u0686\u0647\u0644) kelimesinden gelen \u00e7ile,\u00a0\u00e7ihle<\/strong>\u00a0veya\u00a0\u00e7ille<\/strong>\u00a0\u015feklinde de s\u00f6ylenir. Baz\u0131 tarikatlarda \u00e7ile yerine yine \u201ck\u0131rk\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Arap\u00e7a\u00a0erba\u00een<\/strong>\u00a0kelimesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tasavvuf kaynaklar\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e2yetleri (bk. el-Bakara 2\/51; el-M\u00e2ide 5\/26), \u00f6zellikle Hz. M\u00fbs\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n vahiy almak \u00fczere k\u0131rk gece T\u00fbr\u2019da kalarak ibadet etti\u011fine i\u015faret eden \u00e2yeti (el-A\u2018r\u00e2f 7\/142) delil g\u00f6stererek \u00e7ile uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019e dayand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca Eb\u00fb Eyy\u00fbb el-Ens\u00e2r\u00ee\u2019nin rivayet etti\u011fi, \u201cK\u0131rk g\u00fcn\u00fc Allah i\u00e7in ihl\u00e2s ve samimiyetle ge\u00e7iren kimsenin dili hikmet p\u0131narlar\u0131yla beslenir\u201d (Deylem\u00ee, III, 564) me\u00e2lindeki hadis de \u00e7ile i\u00e7in \u015fer\u2018\u00ee bir dayanak say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. M\u00fbs\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fbr\u2019da k\u0131rk g\u00fcn k\u0131rk gece kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bilgi Ahd-i At\u00eek\u2019te de bulunmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, 24\/18). H\u0131ristiyanlarda paskalyadan alt\u0131 hafta \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan ve k\u0131rk g\u00fcn s\u00fcren bir perhiz d\u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. C\u00e2hiliye devrinde Hz. \u0130br\u00e2him\u2019in tevhid dinini ya\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan az say\u0131daki Han\u00eefler aras\u0131nda, b\u00e2t\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve ahl\u00e2k\u00ee k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu ortamdan uzakla\u015farak \u00e7\u00f6ller, da\u011flar ve ma\u011faralarda ibadet, riy\u00e2zet ve tefekk\u00fcrle me\u015fgul olan ve bir t\u00fcr \u00e7ile hayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan ki\u015filer vard\u0131. Ancak peygamber d\u00f6neminde tarikat ve tekkelerde sistemle\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle muayyen s\u00fcreli bir \u00e7ile uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00e7ylenmektedir. Bununla birlikte Allah kat\u0131nda makbul bir insan olabilmek i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya nimetlerinden uzak durmak ve nefse ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirmek gerekti\u011fi \u015feklindeki k\u00f6kl\u00fc telakkinin de etkisiyle Hz. Peygamber d\u00f6neminde evlenmemeye, s\u00fcrekli oru\u00e7 tutmaya veya geceleri sabahlara kadar namaz k\u0131lmaya karar verenler g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. (VII.) y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru dar bir \u00e7evrede g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7ile hayat\u0131 giderek yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekilleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan z\u00e2hidlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7ilecilik temay\u00fcl\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131n s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7 durmak, \u00f6zellikle so\u011fuk su i\u00e7mekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, s\u00fcrekli ve bazan iftar etmeden oru\u00e7 tutmak (savm-\u0131 vis\u00e2l, savm-\u0131 ebed), et yememek, bek\u00e2r ya\u015famak, inzivaya \u00e7ekilmek, mecbur kalmad\u0131k\u00e7a konu\u015fmamak, kavurucu s\u0131caklarda \u00e7\u00f6llerde dola\u015fmak, Kur\u2019an okumak ve dua etmek gibi uygulamalar\u0131n ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilinmektedir. Bu d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f mutasavv\u0131flar\u0131ndan Reb\u00ee\u2018 b. Heysem evinde haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mezara girer, sabaha kadar burada ibadet ve dua eder, s\u00fcrekli s\u00fck\u00fbt halinde bulunurdu (Eb\u00fb Nuaym, II, 105). Esved en-Neh\u00e2\u00ee\u2019nin \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u00e7ileler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden v\u00fccudu sararm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Eb\u00fb Nuaym, II, 226). Bu d\u00f6nemin \u00e7ileke\u015f z\u00e2hidleri en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en tehlikeli d\u00fc\u015fman bildikleri nefislerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131. III. (IX.) y\u00fczy\u0131lda s\u00fbf\u00eeler aras\u0131nda birbirinden farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve uygulamalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bunlardan biri olan Sehliyye hareketi riy\u00e2zet ve nefis m\u00fccahedesini yani \u00e7ilecili\u011fi esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nefsin isteklerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma ve arzular\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmay\u0131 temel ilke kabul eden Sehliyye mensuplar\u0131 (bk. H\u00fccv\u00eer\u00ee, s. 308-325) din\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlere t\u00e2bi olma niteli\u011findeki her amelin nefse azap oldu\u011fu kanaatinde idi (Ku\u015feyr\u00ee, s. 85).\u00a0Abdal\u00a0mertebesine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00f6rt prensip az yeme (c\u00fb\u2018, k\u0131llet-i ta\u00e2m), az konu\u015fma (samt, k\u0131llet-i kel\u00e2m), az uyuma (seher, k\u0131llet-i men\u00e2m), inziv\u00e2 (uzlet) \u015feklinde s\u0131ralanmaktayd\u0131 (\u1e32\u016bt\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e33ul\u00fbb<\/em>, I, 159).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f s\u00fbf\u00eelerden Eb\u00fb Sa\u00eed-i Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Hayr\u2019dan (\u00f6. 440\/1049) sonra \u00e7ile tasavvuf hayat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. Eb\u00fb Sa\u00eed\u2019in, ba\u015f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya gelecek \u015fekilde kendisini ayaklar\u0131ndan kuyuya ast\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu halde dua edip zikir yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. \u201c\u00c7ile-i ma\u2018k\u00fbse\u201d veya \u201csal\u00e2t-\u0131 makl\u00fbb\u201d ad\u0131 verilen (bk. Att\u00e2r, s. 802, 804; \u0130bn M\u00fcnevvir, s. 28, 29, 33) bu \u00e7ile tarz\u0131 H\u00e2r\u00fbt ve M\u00e2r\u00fbt adl\u0131 iki mele\u011fin B\u00e2bil Kuyusu\u2019nda ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 as\u0131larak \u00e7ile \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 efsanesine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7e\u015fitli tasavvuf\u00ee z\u00fcmrelerde \u00e7ile uygulamas\u0131 biri s\u00fcresiz ve d\u00fczensiz, di\u011feri muayyen s\u00fcreli ve d\u00fczenli olmak \u00fczere iki \u015fekilde devam etmi\u015f, ilkinin \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulama bi\u00e7imleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00fcreli ve d\u00fczenli olan\u0131 ise genellikle k\u0131rk (Mevlev\u00eeler\u2019de bin bir) g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde beden, dil ve zihni kontrol ve terbiye edici idmanlar yap\u0131l\u0131r; nefis haz ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feylerden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Bu idmanlar genellikle bir y\u00f6nden nefsi al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve zevk ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feylerden mahrum etmek, hayat\u0131n devam\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan yeme, i\u00e7me ve uyuma gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 en aza indirmek \u015feklindeki terk, imsak ve perhizlerle nefsi zora ko\u015fmak, \u00e7etin i\u015fler yapmaya mecbur etmek, \u015fiddetli ve dayan\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u015fkencelere m\u00e2ruz b\u0131rakmak gibi a\u011f\u0131r uygulamalardan olu\u015fur. \u00d6te yandan dervi\u015fin kendisini d\u00fcnyev\u00ee me\u015fgalelerden ve toplumdan soyutlamas\u0131 da bir t\u00fcr \u00e7ile olup bu \u015fekildeki \u00e7ileye halvet, uzlet ve inziv\u00e2 denir.<\/p>\n

    Tarikatlar\u0131n te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnden sonra \u00e7ileye verilen \u00f6nem daha da artm\u0131\u015f, s\u00e2likin nefsine s\u00f6z ge\u00e7irmesi ve ar\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ile gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7ileci uygulama z\u00e2hir ulem\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00fbf\u00eeler taraf\u0131ndan da ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (bk. Serr\u00e2c, s. 529). Genellikle k\u0131rk g\u00fcn s\u00fcren \u00e7ilenin uygulama \u015fekli S\u00fchreverd\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tesbit edilmi\u015ftir (bk.\u00a0\u02bfAv\u00e2rif\u00fc\u2019l-ma\u02bf\u00e2rif<\/em>, s. 296-353). \u00c7e\u015fitli tekke ve tarikatlarda a\u00e7l\u0131k, uykusuzluk, s\u00fcrekli s\u00fck\u00fbt ve tefekk\u00fcr, murakabe, aral\u0131ks\u0131z ibadet ve zikir, uzun ve \u00e7etin sefer, \u00e7\u00f6llerde dola\u015fmak, inziv\u00e2, ma\u011faralarda ya\u015famak, boyuna zincir, aya\u011fa buka\u011f\u0131, ele kelep\u00e7e takmak, karn\u0131na ip dolay\u0131p kendini bir a\u011faca ba\u011flamak, kendini ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kuyuya asmak, bek\u00e2rl\u0131k, i\u011fdi\u015f olmak, et yememek, bedene eziyet etmek, so\u011fuk su i\u00e7memek, kavurucu s\u0131caklarda g\u00fcne\u015f alt\u0131nda beklemek, kendini hor hakir bir durumda b\u0131rakmak, yal\u0131n ayak ba\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k gezmek, dilencilik yapmak, tekkeye odun ta\u015f\u0131mak ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7ile \u00e7e\u015fitleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ahmed Yesev\u00ee\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi evde veya tekkede bir mezar kaz\u0131p i\u00e7inde ya\u015famak da (bk. C\u00e2m\u00ee, s. 364; K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, s. 37-40) bir \u00e7ile \u015feklidir.<\/p>\n

    Tekke, hankah, rib\u00e2t ve z\u00e2viyelerde dervi\u015flerin \u00e7ile \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak haz\u0131rlanan dar ve karanl\u0131k h\u00fccrelere \u00e7ileh\u00e2ne veya halveth\u00e2ne denilir. M\u00fcridlerin buradaki \u00e7ile s\u00fcresi k\u0131rk g\u00fcn devam eder. Hayat\u0131nda sadece bir defa \u00e7ile \u00e7\u0131karan dervi\u015fler oldu\u011fu gibi defalarca \u00e7ile \u00e7\u0131karanlar, hatta \u00f6m\u00fcrlerini \u00e7ileyle ge\u00e7irenler de vard\u0131r. Hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn tarikatlarda \u00e7ile ile birlikte halvet ve erba\u00een terimleri de yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Bekta\u015filik ve Mevlev\u00eelik\u2019te \u00e7ile teriminin kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha yayg\u0131n olup bu terimden \u00e7e\u015fitli kelimeler t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Mesel\u00e2 \u00e7ileye giren dervi\u015fe \u00e7ileni\u015f\u00een, \u00e7ilesini tamamlayana\u00a0\u00e7ileke\u015f<\/strong>, \u00e7ilesini yar\u0131da b\u0131rakana\u00a0\u00e7ile\u015fiken<\/strong>\u00a0denir. \u00c7ilesini doldurmayan ve yar\u0131m b\u0131rakan dervi\u015fin yeni ba\u015ftan \u00e7ile \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u201cK\u0131rk\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki Fars\u00e7a \u00e7ihl (\u0686\u0647\u0644) kelimesinden gelen \u00e7ile,\u00a0\u00e7ihle\u00a0veya\u00a0\u00e7ille\u00a0\u015feklinde de s\u00f6ylenir. Baz\u0131 tarikatlarda \u00e7ile yerine yine \u201ck\u0131rk\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Arap\u00e7a\u00a0erba\u00een\u00a0kelimesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tasavvuf kaynaklar\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e2yetleri (bk. el-Bakara 2\/51; el-M\u00e2ide 5\/26), \u00f6zellikle Hz. M\u00fbs\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n vahiy almak \u00fczere k\u0131rk gece T\u00fbr\u2019da kalarak ibadet etti\u011fine i\u015faret eden \u00e2yeti (el-A\u2018r\u00e2f 7\/142) delil g\u00f6stererek \u00e7ile uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019e dayand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca Eb\u00fb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"doc_category":[35],"doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-2717","docs","type-docs","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","doc_category-alevilik-terimleri"],"acf":[],"year_month":"2026-10","word_count":1271,"total_views":"2239","reactions":{"happy":"0","normal":"0","sad":"0"},"author_info":{"name":"redaktion","author_nicename":"redaktion","author_url":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/author\/redaktion\/"},"doc_category_info":[{"term_name":"Alevilik Terimleri","term_url":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/themen-kategorie\/alevilik-terimleri\/"}],"doc_tag_info":[],"knowledge_base_info":[],"knowledge_base_slug":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/2717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2717"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/2717\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2718,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/2717\/revisions\/2718"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_category?post=2717"},{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alevipedia.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=2717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}